GLOBALIZATION

Globalization means the economic intrgration of the country with the rest of the world. In other words, it is a process of integrating the various economics of the world without creating any hindrances in the flow of goods. And services techonology, capital and labour. This involves four comments.

1. Reduction of trade barriers in the from of custom duties or quantitative restrictions or quotas so as to permit free flow of good and services among different economic.

2. Creation of an environment in which free flow of capital (or investment) can take place between nation-states.

3. Creation of an environment for free flow of technology ,and .

4. Creation of an environment in which free flow of labour or human resources can take place among different countries of the world.
 ( Advantages of Globalisation)

Globalization generates many advantages for developing economy like India-among these the more important ones can be briefly summed up as follows;
1. Globalization helps in removing in efficiency. In the absence of globalization prolonged protection of domestic industry has serious damaging  effects on cost structure. Industries habitually fall asleep under protective umbrellas and become careless about cast.

Globalization serves to gives a boost to the long run average growth rate of the economy by ;
1. Improving the allocative efficiency of resources.
 2. Reducing the capital output ratio; and

Globalization helps to restructure the production and trade pattern in favour of labour-intensive goods and labour-intensive techniques.

Foreign capital is attracted to exploit the professional export oppoortunities along the above lines. With the entry of foreign capital, updated technology also enters the country.

With the entry of foreign competition and the removel of import tariffbarriers, domestic industry will be subject to price-reducing and quality improving effects in the domestic economy.

Uneconomic import subsitution will slowly disappear and cheaper imports, particulary of capital goods, will reduce the capital-output ration in manufacturing. Lower prices of manufactured goods will improve the terms of trade in favour of agriculture.

The main effect of globalisation is felt in the consumer goods industries.

MINORITIES

Minorities --- In a very general sense the term minority refers to a relatively small group of people differing from other in race religion language or political persuasion. In the administrative vocabulary the statistical forms the basis of defining the minority group. Thus a community with less than 50 percent strength of the population in a state qualifies to be counted under the category of minority. Low numericial count often entails discrimination and lack of power in various spheres of life.                                                            They feel disadvantaged and oppressed segregated and sometimes ridiculed. At every stage they are required to negotiate their demands with securing admission in school or a well paying job. The assertion of rights by minorities and the reluctance of the majority to yield often leads to conflicts sometimes involving violence and bloodished. In several situations the majority feels that the demands of the minority are uncalled for and unjustified. In the Indian democracy which uphold equality and freedom for all citizens irrespective of their status the constitution. In fact the constitution adopts measures and safeguards to recognize the rights at the minorities in conserving their culture establishing and administereting educationall institutions of their choice. The National Minorities Development and finance corporations was set up in 1994-95 for their economic upliftment.

ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR IN SOCIAL WORK

Ethics help professionals to act morally in difficult situations. The need for such behaviour in social work is important due to the following reasons.

Social worker's during their interaction with clients and their significiant others have to sensitive information:-The purpose of the client to share information is to enable the social worker to get better insight into the problem and then help the client to solve the problem.

Social worker's are often in situatuations where their decision can cause serious damage to the client:- Their personalities are often disintegrated and they may be vulnerable to emotional and phical abuse in some cuses the caseworker may unconsciously commit an error which causes damage to the client.

Social worker's occupy positions of authority in governmental and non-government organization:-  Accountability means to give count of, you have been entrusted with certain goods and after use you have to account for what you have used for what purpose how and to what effect.

Social worker's are often in positions where they can allocate resourcesp:-  This is true of a country like India where scarcity exists almost every where. In an adoption center a social worker may be asked where a particular couple can be allowed to adopt a child. The social worker opinion will have abearing on the lives of atleast three individuals.

Social worker's have to presserve professional autonomy:- In a democratic country the government is the ultimate authority and it plays an important role in regulating other institution. If the profssionals the selves regulate their affairs government action becomes unnecessary and their professional autonomy can be preserved.
       Probably on other profession deals with these aspects as directly as social work. A policeman has to think whether his action would reduce the crime rate and whether he is following.  The due process of law when he is acting. The lawyer has to only think whether  his/her clients interests will be served by his/her actions. A priest has to only worry whether his actions will help fulfill the individual's religious needs. But the social worker's decisions should express concern for human dignity and human self.       

HUMAN SECURITY

Human security--we must have an idea of what exactly is meant by social security---
what kinds of services are provided, who are the beneficiaries, which are the institutions through which they are provided, and so on. Also and this is very important--why social security measures need to the provided.
                       These measures include maternity leave provident fund and gratuity, and so on. But in recent times it has been felt that since a small proportion of workers in developing nations are in the organised sector, and since the poor and marginal vulnerability regarding income and consumption opportunities, it is pertinent to expand the scope of the concept of social security .For a large number of people in developing nations, particularly for those in the rural areas and thiose who are poor, deprivation and vulnerability are unpleasant facts of life.
                      In developed countries, certain instruments have been found to be important, like unemployment insurance, old age pensions and invalidity benefits. This approach may not be altogther useful and appropriate when we study developing countries. Instead of  approaching the definition in terms of means, we could define social security in terms of objectives of removing deprivation and recluding vulnerability. It includes actions by the public for itself. During disasters, but also otherwise, the actions of NGOS, charitable and religious institutions must be mentioned here. In many traditional societies in India, the family too has acted as a provider of social security. Sometimes it can be taken to mean the checks and the pressures that, say, the print media keeps on the government. Involvement and activism by the public is necessary. Government can adopt two broad approaches to social security measures. The first way is to promote general economic growth and use the general benefits according from growth to help vulnerable sections of the population. The second approach is to take public action measures directly in terms of social sectors such as education and health and also promote better income distribution patterns, and generate employment.
               The first approach seems to have worked very well for east Asian countries like Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan and South Koria, as also countries like Kuwait united Arab Emirates. Cuba is a classic example of the second approach, as in China. In fact some observers argue that in China, when liberalisation led to very high growth rates in the eighties and nineties, social indicators like the in fact mortality rate actually rose.
              India is a case in point. In the 1950 India choose a path of development that emphasised economic growth butrelied on the public sectors as the engine of growth and let this sector occupy the 'commanding heights' of the economy.

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND FEATURES

The term social movements ''covers vairous forms of collective action aimed at social recorganization''. In generally social movements are not highly instiutionaliged and arise from spontaneous social protest directed at specific or widespread grievances. ''A social movement is a deliberate collective endeavour to promote change in any direction and by any means not excluding violence, illegatity, revolution or withdrawl into 'utopian' community -----A social movement must evince a minimum degree of organization though this may range from a loose informal or portial level of organization to the highly institutionalized or bureaucratized movement and the corporate group -----According to MC Adam it all (1988) in (Veena Das (ed) 2003:1525). The term 'social movements' refers to a diverse spectrum of collective social and political phenomena as heterogeneoul as revolutions religious sects political organizations or single-issue campaigns or anti-colonial resistance and resistance against in roads by alleged 'outsiders'.
  The salient features of social movements are;
1 .Initiation of one or the kind of commonly agreed upon activity according to some formulated or chalked out plan as per decided programme shedule.

2. Some kind of reference to ideas of autonomy,equity,human right,social recorgnization, removel of social evil, etc.

3. Various kinds of manifestations such as revolt, rebellion and employment of method likes protest, demonstration, strike, gheroo, bounds etc.

4. Unstable and transitory nature and non-visibility of any distinct point of beginning or termination of social movements.

5. Awareness of and commitment and devotion to the common cause and some kinds of organization for launching collective action through mobilization of like-minded people's efforts.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GROUP WORK

In order  to development a broad perspective concerning the potential uses of groups in social work practice,it is helpful to understand the developments that have occured in the study of groups and in the practice of group work over the years. This historical perspective will also give tou a firm foundation upon which a knowledge base can be built upon for effective group work practice.
Two types of inquiries have enhanced our understanding of groups. One type of inquiry has come come from social scientists who have studied groups by experimenting with them in laboratories or observations of group's functioning  in community setting. The other type has come from group work practitioners who have examined how groups function in practice settings like social work, psychology, education and recreation. The results of both enquiries have led to improved methods of working with a variety of different types of groups.
A basic research question that was asked by social scientist concerns the extent to which being a part of a group influences the individual group member. The early findings suggest that the presence of others has a significant influence on an individual group member and tends to generate forces to conform to the standards of behaviour and judgments of individual members. Le Bon in 1910 referred to the forces that were generated by group interactions as 'group contagion' and 'group mind' , recognising that people in groups react differently from individuals.

STAGES OF SOCIAL WORK GROUP FORMATION

There are a number of stages or phases in formation of a social work group. Ken Heap (1985) discussed these as group formation and planning, the first meetings, the working phase; use of activities and action; and the termination of the Group. According to Douglas (1979) there are five stages viz; conceptualisation, creation, operation, termination and evalution. He has disscussed these as the functions of leader while Toseland and Rivas (1984) discussed the stages under planning phase, beginning phase, middle phase and ending phase.
For our purpose we can discuss the stages of social group practice under the following five heads;
   Pre-group (group formation) phase
   Initial (first meetings) phase
   Middle (Active working) phase
   Evalution of the group
    Terminating/ending  the grop phase
 In the pre-group phase worker identifies the need for organising a group and initiates steps to form the group. In the initial (first meetings) phase the worker and the group members meet at the place specified-agency or any other place where group is likely to have its sessions-and initial orientation to the groups' purpose and other information is given and shared. In the middle (active working) phase the group continues its deliberations and activities to accomplish its goals and in evaluation phase the performance of the group is examined vis-a-vis the group purpose and members, goals. Finally, in the ending or termination phase the group is made to dissolve and the worker enables the members to part with each other on a goodwill note.